Superficial radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of skin lesions for more than a century. Several innovative techniques, methods and devices have been developed in this area of radiation therapy (Hereinafter referred to as radiotherapy) for treating various benign or malignant skin lesions such as keloid and skin cancer. Electron beam therapy, brachytherapy, Beta radiotherapy and superficial X-ray therapy are the established methods that are currently used on skin lesions patients. The purpose of this paper is to overview these techniques and discuss the advantages, disadvantages and applicability of these methods in practices. Additionally, the paper summarized the emerging needs and challenges of superficial radiotherapy, as well as providing the future directions.Key words: skin cancer; keloid; radiation therapy; electron beam therapy; superficial X-ray therapy

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the main type of dementia, and the number of AD patients is increasing rapidly as the population ages. Considering the irreversible nature of AD progression, early screening and diagnosis of AD are essential for timely interventions. Urine sample detection has the advantages of convenience, non-invasive, high patient acceptance and suitable for screening, and has been paid more attention to in the field of biomarker development and application in recent years. This paper summarized the latest research progress in detecting urinary biomarkers of AD by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, aiming to provide new ideas for the development and clinical application AD biomarkers.

The ultrasonic surgical cutting equipment is playing an increasing important role in surgery, and the transducer is a critical component in ultrasonic surgical cutting equipment. This paper reviewed the latest research on transducers in ultrasonic surgical cutting equipment, categorized these transducers and analyzed the design and result of these transducers, and summarized the advantages and disadvantages and development trends of these new transducers, aiming to provide a reference for the research on ultrasonic surgical cutting equipment.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a special connective tissue band in the knee joint connecting the tibia and femur. It maintains the stability of the tibia and prevents increased internal rotation and anterior translation. ACL injury can have negative psychological and physical effects on patients. Therefore, accurate assessment of the strength of the muscle groups around the knee joint in patients with ACL injury and early training of the muscle groups around the knee joint in patients with ACL injury are very important to return to sports and prevent secondary injuries. Isokinetic technique has been widely used in patients with ACL injury due to its simple, safe and effective characteristics. This paper summarized the development of isokinetic techniques at home and abroad, and the application and progress of isokinetic techniques in patients with ACL injury from the two aspects of isokinetic muscle strength testing and isokinetic muscle strength training, in order to provide a reference for clinical medical staff in the rehabilitation treatment of patients with ACL injury.

The accurate assessment of lung physiology and pathological conditions is vital for evaluating the health of neonates. Ultrasound, as a safe, non-invasive, real-time, and convenient imaging examination technology, has made significant progress in the field of neonatal lung applications in recent years. This paper reviewed the process of establishing the correspondence between the identification of pulmonary ultrasound artifacts and diseases, as well as the application process of qualitative diagnosis of neonatal lung diseases and discussed the standardization of neonatal lung ultrasound and the application value of semi-quantitative lung ultrasound scoring in improving lung ventilation therapy. Additionally, this paper explored the research prospects of AI-assisted diagnosis, elastography, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in neonatal lung diseases, while analyzing their limitations and potential safety issues. Lastly, this paper discussed the future application scenarios of portable ultrasound in neonatal lung assessment, including bedside intensive care and non-medical settings, aiming to provide insights for further research and technological improvements in neonatal lung ultrasound, ultimately enhancing the overall diagnostic capabilities and benefiting a larger number of neonates.

As the transportation facilities expand, the incidence of stroke and various accidents leading to patient cases has also increased. Postoperative rehabilitation training is one of the important guarantees for patients to recover their quality of life. Rehabilitation robots, utilizing robotic technology to assist physicians in patient training, are increasingly being adopted. Future developments in lower extremity exoskeleton rehabilitation robots should primarily focus on enhancing human-machine collaboration, improving control algorithms, optimizing rehabilitation outcome assessment, enhancing equipment portability and reconfigurability, and addressing economic considerations. This paper systematically reviewed and examined the research and clinical applications of lower extremity rehabilitation robots from the past decade at home and abroad, sorting out, analyzing key technologies and summarizing advancements in this field. Additionally, a feasibility analysis of the development trends in lower extremity rehabilitation robot technology was carried out.

With the rapid development and continuous innovation of the medical device industry, the safety problem of medical devices in clinical use has become increasingly noticeable. Good biocompatibility is a prerequisite for the safe and effective clinical application of medical devices, while animal testing is one of the important means to evaluate the biocompatibility of medical devices. However, driven by the 3R principles of replacing, reducing and optimizing animal use, it is a global trend to carry out in vitro alternative methods. However, compared with chemicals and cosmetics, research on in vitro alternatives for biocompatibility evaluation in the field of medical devices has progressed slowly. This paper analyzed the importance of conducting in vitro alternatives from a regulatory perspective, introduced in vitro substitution methods that had been and could be used for biocompatibility evaluation of medical devices, and provided a reference for subsequent in vitro alternatives of medical devices.

The effect of radiotherapy in the treatment of head and neck tumors is very significant, but the current difficulty of radiotherapy lies in the complicated anatomy of head and neck and the large positioning, which must achieve accurate positioning. With the continuous improvement and innovation of the fixtures, it provides a good fixing effect for patients and improves the accuracy of radiotherapy positioning. This paper reviewed the application status, advantages and disadvantages and future development direction of various head and neck fixtures, aiming to provide reference for the selection of head and neck radiotherapy fixtures, so as to solve the difficult problems in the treatment process and improve the radiotherapy quality.

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a new method to treat tumors, and it has outstanding advantages in the treatment of recurrent head and neck tumor, glioma and malignant melanoma at present. This paper described the development status of BNCT technology from the aspects of its principle, development history, boron-containing drugs, side effects of treatment, neutron generation mode and neutron sources, approval for marketing domestically and internationally, and provided future prospects for this treatment technology, and provided a review of the current development status of BNCT technology, in order to enhance the understanding of medical personnel, research and development personnel, regulatory personnel, and other relevant industries on BNCT. It aims to provide reference for the development of BNCT technology, the establishment of relevant technical guidelines, or specifications in China, so as to promote the early service of Chinese BNCT for the vast number of tumor patients.

With active exploration of the etiological mechanism behind infantile hemangiomas (IH) and the progressive replacement of treatment methods, propranolol has replaced traditional surgical therapy as a first-line medication. Since IH are mostly located in the face and neck, with patients being young and having high aesthetic requirements, it is necessary to actively seek various alternative therapies to meet the growing clinical needs of patients. Laser serves as a crucial supplementary means to treat IH, characterized by minimal trauma and short treatment periods. Pulsed dye laser and Nd:YAG laser, in particular, hold significant clinical value. This paper provided an overview and future perspectives on the industrial situation, therapeutic mechanism, classification, applications, and research outcomes related to medical lasers for IH, aiming to enhance attention on laser treatment for IH while offering multiple techniques and new ideas for medical lasers applications.

Coronary microcirculation dysfunction (CMD) is a clinical syndrome of myocardial ischemia caused by abnormal structure or function of coronary arterioles under the joint action of a variety of pathogenic factors. Patients with CMD have significantly increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Myocardial perfusion imaging is an important noninvasive method to evaluate myocardial microcirculation and to determine the prognosis and adverse events of cardiovascular diseases. At present, the commonly used imaging techniques include computed tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance, single photon emission computed tomography, positron emission computed tomography, transthoracic Doppler ultrasound and other methods, which have high accuracy in the evaluation of myocardial ischemia. With the continuous development of imaging technology, imaging omics has played an increasingly important role in clinical diagnosis, which provides the possibility for early prediction and prognosis of diseases. This article reviewed the application of different imaging techniques in the diagnosis of CMD, discussed their different roles in clinical diagnosis, and looked forward to the potential value of radiomics in the evaluation of CMD. Through comparative analysis, it aimed to provide a more comprehensive diagnostic strategy for CMD in clinical practice and provide reference for future research directions.

As Chinese medical technology continues to advance, the introduction of medical equipment in various medical structures has increased year by year, and the management problems of medical equipment have also become prominent. Under the background that the new medical reform puts forward higher requirements for the standardized management of medical institutions, how to improve the scientific management of medical equipment has become one of the urgent problems to be solved. This paper undertook an analysis of the current state of medical equipment management in medical institutions, identified potential issues, and proposed feasible solutions by drawing on both domestic and international experiences. The objective was to bolster the management proficiency of medical equipment to meet the requirements of ongoing medical and health care reform.

The digital central monitoring system is an important part of the smart medical system, which can carry out comprehensive real-time monitoring of patients’ conditions, realize the co-creation of medical care and patient value, extend medical services, and promote the high-quality development of hospitals. Starting from the background of “smart medical” era, this paper introduced the application and development of digital central monitoring system in the construction of smart medical care in detail, analyzed the advantages and limitations of central monitoring system in daily treatment work, and pointed out the development trend of central monitoring system in the future, so as to provide new ideas for relevant research teams and medical institutions in the construction of smart medical care system. Finally, it is pointed out that the construction of regional diagnosis and treatment center based on the digital central monitoring system can jointly promote the high-quality development of regional medical level.

Radiation therapy is an important method in the comprehensive treatment of breast cancer. Postoperative radiotherapy can reduce the recurrence rate and improve the long-term survival rate of breast cancer, but it also inevitably leads to the irradiation of organs at risk. These exposures reduce organ function or increase the risk of related diseases, and become more prominent with the prolongation of patient survival, which has become the main factor affecting the long-term survival of patients. Therefore, it is of great significance to protect the organs at risk of breast cancer radiotherapy patients for their quality of life. In recent years, with the rapid development of radiotherapy equipment and various technologies, the way of treatment is constantly updated, and the treatment concept of precision, efficiency and safety continues to highlight the role of protecting patients’ organs at risk. This paper reviewed the techniques and measures of reducing the risk organ dose of breast cancer radiotherapy patients, so as to provide a reference for improving the treatment of breast cancer and the protection of organs at risk.

Sodium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the only noninvasive imaging technique that enables the absolute spatial quantification of sodium concentration in living tissues, it can provide physiological and biochemical information related to cell viability and survival ability. Sodium MRI can detect biological information representing cell membrane integrity and vitality before macroscopic changes occur in tissue cells. It can also provide a basis for evaluating the efficacy of disease treatment and provide help for early diagnosis of disease, which is impossible to achieve by hydrogen MRI alone. However, compared to traditional hydrogen MRI, sodium MRI still faces a series of problems such as low signal to noise ratio and long data acquisition time even in ultra-high fields. Compressed sensing (CS) imaging technology can recover images with sparse characteristics in the known transform domain from the incoherent under sampled k-space data through nonlinear iterative reconstruction, which can greatly save the imaging time and improve the image quality, at present, CS has been applied to sodium MRI in various parts of the human body. This paper reviewed the current status and research progress of CS in sodium MRI in various parts of the human body, so as to promote the clinical application of CS imaging technology.

Lower limb atherosclerotic disease is a prevalent peripheral arterial disease in clinic. Currently, the most commonly used imaging diagnostic methods in clinic are ultrasound, computed tomography, and arteriography, but these methods can only observe morphological changes in the lower limb arteries, which limits the evaluation of intra arterial lesions (such as the nature of atherosclerotic plaque). With the maturation of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) technology and ongoing investigations into the pathogenesis of lower extremity atherosclascular disease, enabling better ascular selection of clinical therapies. This paper reviewed the latest application progress of IVUS in the auxiliary diagnosis of lower limb atherosclerotic diseases, so as to promote the clinical application of IVUS technology.

Periodontitis is a common oral disease that often leads to the destruction of supporting tissues such as the periodontium. Traditional methods for periodontal tissue regeneration therapy have limitations in achieving optimal outcomes. In recent years, three-dimensional bioprinting has emerged as a promising regenerative medical technology, and widely used in many fields, showcasing significant potential through its high precision and efficiency in constructing specific arrangements and interacting microstructures. This paper reviewed the research progress of three-dimensional bioprinting in the application of periodontal tissue regeneration and provided an outlook on its future development trends, so as to promote its clinical application.

With the artificial intelligence (AI) boom triggered by ChatGPT, AI has become one of the hot topics in medical research for assisting in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular surgical diseases. A series of assisted systems based on AI and deep learning technologies have been developed, including disease prediction, risk stratification, diagnosis, and treatment planning. These advancements offer new avenues and methods for improving clinical efficiency and accuracy, reducing errors, minimizing healthcare resource wastage, and addressing resource scarcity issues. This paper first summarized and analyzed the commonalities between cardiovascular surgery and AI. It then provided examples of AI applications in vascular and cardiac surgeries, thoroughly analyzed their similarities and differences, as well as the interrelationships among various applications. Finally, it explored the guiding significance and research progress of AI technology in the field of cardiovascular surgical diseases, so as to provide references for the development of next-generation AI-assisted diagnostic and treatment planning software and its practical implementation and widespread application in cardiovascular surgical clinical practice.

Minimally invasive treatment for early gastrointestinal cancer is currently a research hotspot. Surgery is currently an effective treatment method for gastrointestinal tumors. However, due to the dependence of surgery on doctor experience, difficulties in intelligent characterization during early gastrointestinal cancer surgery, and difficulties in dynamic monitoring of treatment effects, advanced new equipment is urgently needed to innovate the current diagnosis and treatment mode. Therefore, the development of intelligent minimally invasive theranostics systems has become an urgent key challenge to overcome. Aiming at the core problems of intelligent diagnosis and treatment such as gastrointestinal tumors, the development of intelligent minimally invasive diagnosis and treatment instruments is of great significance, and can provide important solutions for the current theranostics of tumors. This article introduced the research and clinical applications of optical technology based imaging methods, intelligent precise diagnosis schemes, image guided surgical treatment, robot assisted intelligent treatment, and other aspects for early gastrointestinal cancer. It discussed and proposed possible future development directions in these areas, and pointed out the key issues of integrated invasive intelligent multimodal optical minimally invasive theranostics to be studied in the future, so as to provide reference suggestions for the research on the key issues of minimally invasive diagnosis and treatment integration of gastrointestinal and the development of intelligent diagnosis and treatment instruments.

Fiducial marker (FM) has been widely used in image guided radiotherapy (IGRT) for prostate cancer. The image matching and calibration technology based on FM has improved the accuracy of target location in prostate cancer IGRT. The technology above enables patients to achieve higher treatment gains. The accurate identification of FM in prostate cancer IGRT is an important prerequisite for achieving its clinical value. The identification method is mainly X-ray imaging technology. In the identification of FM mainly based on CT imaging technology, the type of FM is gradually developed from solid to liquid, and the level of identification automation and accuracy is gradually improved. In the identification of FM assisted by C-arm X-ray imaging technology, the identification results can meet the clinical need. The identification of liquid FM based on CT has the maximum advantage and the minimum limitation. This technology will become the focus of future research and application in prostate cancer IGRT. This paper reviewed the advantages, disadvantages, and application progress of FM identification based on CT and C-arm X-ray machine, so as to provide theoretical and practical references for medical professionals in related fields such as medical imaging, radiotherapy, and urology.

Unique device identification (UDI) is a coding method that is gradually being adopted by global medical device regulatory authorities and is a powerful tool for managing medical devices. However, there are still problems in the application process, such as applying UDI codes to low value consumables. This paper introduced the concept of UDI for medical devices, including its definition and implementation both domestically and internationally, and pointed out that the implementation of UDI can bring beneficial effects in the production, circulation, use and supervision of medical devices. Building intelligent Internet of Things through UDI coding can realize information management such as full traceability of medical devices, expiration date of consumables, inventory and adverse event reporting. Finally, this paper briefly introduced the current medical device logistics management mode of our hospital and the use of hospital code combined with UDI code, so that the hospital medical device information can be managed more effectively, and it is expected to establish a standardized medical device traceability system and scientific management mode, which can provide a reference for other medical institutions to manage medical devices.

Scoliosis is a three-dimensional spinal deformity that can lead to a range of problems, such as pain, limited mobility, and changes in gait patterns, which can cause significant family and social burdens. Depending on factors such as patient’s Cobb angle and the presence of exacerbation risk, the current evidence-based correction modalities are spinal orthoses and surgical treatment. The 3D gait assessment technology can provide biomechanical evaluation data for scoliosis rehabilitation through objectively quantified spatiotemporal parameters, kinematics and kinetic data. This paper reviewed the use of 3D gait assessment techniques in the treatment of scoliosis orthoses and surgery, so as to provide biomechanical data support for scoliosis orthosis and surgical treatment, and provide a research basis for the application of 3D gait analysis technology.

Ambulatory electrocardiograph has an important data support role in the pre-diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, and has been applied in China for decades, driven by information technology and medicine, its outlook, acquisition method and electrocardiographic analysis technology have experienced far-reaching changes, and the application fields of ambulatory electrocardiographic technology have been expanded. This paper introduced the working principle, technical development and application areas of ambulatory electrocardiograph, summarized the shortcomings of ambulatory electrocardiography, and looked forward to the development prospects. In the future, many forms of ambulatory electrocardiography monitoring equipment will be developed and popularized for application, and will play a greater role in the clinical diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, health monitoring and rehabilitation and elderly care.

In recent years, with the advancement of science and technology, the technique of screw placement technique in surgery for atlantoaxial dislocation has been developing. In this paper, the commonly used and important nailing techniques for atlantoaxial dislocation in the past ten years were summarized, which could be divided into manual screw placement technique and new robot screw placement technique. This paper introduced the principles and equipment of free-hand screw placement technology and robot screw placement technology, and explained their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, a comparison and summary of the literature were performed and the limitations of current clinical and research screw placement techniques were presented to promote future development of screw placement techniques.

Pulsed optical radiation sources are widely and rapidly applied in the medical cosmetology, and the associated issue of optical radiation safety has attracted significant attention of consumers as well as practitioners in the industry. Recently, multiple photobiological safety standards involve the measurement and evaluation of pulsed optical radiation sources, but the specific requirements of these standards differ from each other. As a result, the classification of product safety levels obtained according to different standards may vary greatly. In this paper, the measurement and evaluation methods of pulsed optical radiation sources were compared and analyzed based on the development and theoretical basis of the standards. A hair removal machine was taken as an example, measured data were utilized to analyze and calculate its hazard level classification under different standards. The research of the measurement and analysis can provide a reference for continuously improving the evaluation standards of medical cosmetology products and further regulating the management of the related medical devices.

Energy spectrum CT provides richer information for imaging clinical diseases with its unique spectrum analysis tool. Based on the differences in the principles and performance of various energy spectrum CTs, this paper reviewed the radiation dose, image quality and relationship between the two of various energy spectrum CTs, as well as their differences in clinical applications such as quantitative analysis of iodine-based maps, demetalization and hardening artifacts, separation and identification of material components, display of fine structures and virtual plain scan, to provide a reference for clinical imaging workers to select energy spectrum CT according to different clinical needs, so as to maximize clinical benefits.

Emotion is the subjective experience and corresponding behavioral response of people’s attitude towards objective external things, which reflects the relationship between the subject’s needs and objective external things. Electroencephalogram signals are closely related to brain activity, so the emotional changes of subjects can be judged by electroencephalogram signals. Meanwhile, there are increasing research on emotion recognition using traditional machine learning and deep learning algorithms. This paper introduced the emotion model, data set and commonly used machine learning and deep learning algorithms in recent years, and summarized the recent research progress on emotion recognition, so as to provide a quickly understanding of this field for beginners and serve as reference for subsequent research.

With the rapid development of digital technology, navigation technology has been widely used in dental implantology. In recent years, scholars at home and abroad have applied this technique to the treatment of endodontic diseases, which provides a new treatment mode for severe root canal calcification and root canal anatomical variation. At the same time, it provides technical support for minimally invasive endodontic treatment, and greatly improves the retention rate of natural teeth in the mouth. This paper reviewed the clinical process, research status, and technical deficiencies of navigation technology in endodontic treatment, so as to provide a certain reference for the application of navigation technology in endodontic treatment.

Graves disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis are prone to misdiagnosis due to the lack of typical clinical symptoms. Timely diagnosis is crucial for improving the quality of life of patients. Ultrasound is the primary imaging method for evaluating thyroid diseases. In recent years, with the emergence of new technologies such as superb microvascular imaging, shear wave elastography, computer-aided diagnosis, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, multimodal ultrasound diagnosis has developed rapidly, and a large number of scholars have conducted research on diffuse thyroid lesions. This paper reviewed the domestic and international status and problems faced by multimodal ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of Graves disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, so as to provide a theoretical basis for maximizing the technical advantages of multimodal ultrasound imaging in clinical diagnosis and treatment, and accurately distinguishing Graves disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in the early stage.

The application of artificial intelligence medical equipment in the field of medical diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation is becoming more and more widespread. While bringing technical breakthroughs to traditional clinical diagnosis and treatment, it also comes with some ethical risks and challenges, ethical issues in the application of artificial intelligence medical equipment are receiving increasing attention. This paper reviewed the positive impact of the current application of artificial intelligence medical equipment, analyzed the ethical problems arising from the application of artificial intelligence medical equipment and found out the countermeasures to solve the problems, so as to promote the application and development of artificial intelligence medical equipment.

Seldinger technique is a widely used interventional procedure in the field of medicine. It realizes the safety and effectiveness of endovascular intubation through the steps of puncture, guide wire insertion and catheter insertion. The Seldinger technique has important applications in various fields, such as central venous catheterization, arterial catheter insertion, vascular interventions, and organ puncture for catheter placement. It offers advantages such as ease of use, low risk of complications, and procedural flexibility. This paper reviewed the historical development, current applications, and advantages and disadvantages of the Seldinger technique, both domestically and internationally, as so to serve as a reference for the application of this technique in medical interventional procedures.

Prostate disease is a common disease affecting elderly male health and quality of life, in addition to benign diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatitis. The incidence of prostate cancer is rising year by year, most patients are often in the late stage, therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer is of great significance. MRI is currently recognized as the best imaging method for the diagnosis of prostate disease, which can clearly show the structure and lesions of the prostate gland. Multiparameter magnetic resonance uses multi-parameter, multi-sequence and multi-angle imaging to provide the basis for the diagnosis of prostate disease, and is the standard imaging method for the diagnosis of prostate disease. In recent years, various imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance diffusion imaging, quantitative imaging, molecular imaging and radiomics, have been applied in the diagnosis of prostate cancer, which can provide more abundant diagnostic information for diagnosis. This paper reviewed and prospected the current status of various magnetic resonance imaging techniques in prostate cancer diagnosis.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the world, and has become the main cause of cancer death in women. Whether the axillary lymph nodes of breast cancer patients have metastasis or not is of great significance to the prognosis judgment, tumor staging, treatment choice and so on. Radiomics as an emerging technology has been widely used in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of breast cancer, and it has great potential in predicting axillary lymph node metastasis of breast cancer. Therefore, this paper reviewed the research progress of MRI based radiomics in the evaluation of axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer, so as to provide reference value for its clinical application.

In recent years, the incidence rate of thymoma in China has been increasing gradually. Early preoperative accurate judgment of the risk classification of thymoma can affect the treatment plan and improve the clinical prognosis, as well as predict the risk of postoperative recurrence. The traditional imaging diagnosis is based on the morphological basis and the clinical experience of the diagnostician, and it is difficult to accurately distinguish tumor risk classification and cannot meet the standards of precision imaging medicine for biological individuals. Radiomics is the extraction of high-throughput characteristic spatial data information from medical images, and the construction of prediction models focusing on clinical problems, so as to noninvasively quantify tumor heterogeneity, aiming to tailor treatment plans according to the characteristics of individual patients and their tumors. This paper reviewed the research and application of radiomics in thymomas.

With the innovation of medical technology, the performance and quality of medical ultrasound are constantly improving, and it has become a routine equipment for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, it is very important to ensure ultrasonic clinical diagnosis and treatment through ultrasonic quality control. This paper reviewed the status quo, content, standards and specifications of medical ultrasound quality control and management system mode, and discussed the current status of ultrasonic quality control, in order to provide reference for the quality control work of ultrasonic equipment at all levels of medical institutions, and effectively guarantee clinical diagnosis and treatment.

The pulse diagnosis detects the circulation status of Qi and blood in human body with the help of pulse so as to guide disease diagnosis and treatment, prediction of the disease and health care. However, the bottleneck problem in the development of pulse instruments is how to extract pulse information from weak pulse signals. This paper reviewed recent studies about used basic machine learning (ML) algorithms, neural network algorithms, and ensemble learning algorithms to build a pulse classification models, starting with issues such as the characteristics of pulse signals, classification of pulse conditions in traditional Chinese medicine, and the challenges they face. The purpose is to explore the feasibility and effectiveness of establishing models to classify pulse phases based on ML algorithms by comparing the performances of different ML algorithms and experimental protocols from the view point of the classification accuracy of different pulse phases, aims to provide a reference for the development of pulse instruments.

Auscultation is the most effective method to diagnose cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. In order to achieve accurate diagnosis, the equipment must be able to identify cardiopulmonary sounds in various clinical situations. However, the recorded chest sound is usually a mixed signal of heart-lung sound. Therefore, it is very important for doctors to separate the mixed signals of heart and lung sounds. This paper introduced the frequency range and signal characteristics of heart sound signal and lung sound signal, summarized the research progress of heart-lung sound separation methods at present, and the advantages and disadvantages of various existing heart-lung sound separation methods, and pointed out the significance of choosing an appropriate heart-lung sound separation algorithm to separate heart-lung sound for auxiliary medical care.

The main function of a ventricular assist devices (VAD) is to replace or assist the heart in supplying blood to the aorta, used for patients with heart failure or awaiting heart transplantation. With the increasing incidence and mortality rate of cardiovascular diseases, as well as the high uncertainty of heart transplantation, VAD is receiving more and more attention. This paper provided a comprehensive review of the research progress on VAD both domestically and internationally. It primarily analyzed the development history and current status of VAD, as well as the core components of the device and the in vitro simulated circulatory system for testing purposes. This paper focused on the exploring the types and causes of complications caused by VAD, so as to provide the directions for future research and development of VAD.

Ultrasonography (USG) technology has been widely used in image guided radiotherapy (IGRT) for prostate cancer (PCa) based on its advantages, including guiding the placement of gold reference markers and calibration of target location. The mature USG technologies that have been applied included trans-abdominal ultrasound (TAUS), trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS), and transperineal ultrasound (TPUS). This paper reviewed the application of three USG technologies above in PCa IGRT. Among them, TAUS had the simplest application process, unclear advantages, and many limitations. TRUS had relatively complex application process, obvious advantages but many limitations. TPUS had the most complex application process, obvious advantages and minimal limitations. TRUS and TPUS would become application and research hotspot in PCa IGRT. The two USG technologies would further improve the treatment gain.

In order to understand the blood status of patients more quickly and accurately, the application of thromboelastography (TEG) and rotational thromboelastography (ROTEM) in clinical practice is becoming increasingly widespread. TEG and ROTEM are a dynamic method that can monitor the formation process of blood clots. They have the advantages of short detection time, simple operation and real reflection of blood status. TEG and ROTEM have their own characteristics due to their different operating characteristics. This article focused on the comparative introduction of the principle and parameters of TEG and ROTEM, perioperative blood transfusion guidance, the influence of gender on TEG and ROTEM, and the monitoring of the efficacy of different types of drugs. At present, domestic researches mainly focuses on TEG, and there are few literatures on the clinical application of ROTEM. Clinical studies using TEG and ROTEM as controls provide reference for its further clinical application.