Objective This paper aims to design a set of efficient and easy-to-use server ledger management system to cope with the problem of hospital data surge and information synchronization in the information age, improve the efficiency and accuracy of hospital operation and maintenance management, provide real-time and accurate data support for operation and maintenance teams, and promote the intelligent and efficient operation and maintenance work.Methods The system is B/S architecture, using Python3.11 and Django4.2 framework to realize the development and application of user management, server details, dictionary configuration, data Kanban and other modules. The database uses PostgreSQL15 and uses a browser for human-computer interaction.Results After the application of the system, the information difference between the relevant operation and maintenance personnel is eliminated, and the data is 0 delay and 100% synchronization is realized. The average ledger management time, data entry time and data error rate were all significantly reduced by 40% to 60%, and the differences were highly statistically significant (P<0.001).Conclusion The development of the system has enhanced the refinement level of information management in our hospital, promoted the standardization and standardization of operation and maintenance work, enhanced the cooperation ability and response speed of the operation and maintenance team, and laid a solid technical foundation for improving the high-quality development of information technology in our hospital and high-quality medical services.

Objective This paper discusses the performance evaluation of patient tracking performance of surgical robots. We analyzes the sources of patient movement following deviation based on actual measurements analyse, and solve the measurement problem of this index. Methods We design a linear motion generating unit that can generate linear reciprocating motion, simulate patient movement, and use a non-contact spatial position measurement device to simultaneously collect the spatial coordinates of the motion generating unit and the robotic arm. We analyze the movement following deviation of the robotic arm in different vector directions during the following process. Results The measurement and analysis of patient follow-up performance are achieved. Conclusions The design of the experimental plan could fully simulate the clinical application status, and the measurement of this indicator should simultaneously pay attention to changes in the direction of movement, position of non-movement direction, and posture.

Objective To understand the current status of usability testing of medical surgical robots in China, to explore the common perceptions of enterprises, clinical practitioners, and testing agencies regarding the usability testing of surgical robots, and to compare the differences in their needs and concerns regarding usability testing. This aims to provide reference for the formulation of usability testing standards. Methods According to the general requirements of medical device regulation on usability, questionnaires were designed, distributed, and collected based on factors such as usability testing needs and experimental processes. Data were analyzed using Excel software, focusing on the differences and consensus revealed by common questions among different respondents regarding the usability of different types of surgical robots. Results Analysis of the 60 collected questionnaires revealed that all respondents emphasized the fundamental role of surgical instruments and the necessity of simulating the surgical environment, identifying the completion rate of surgical tasks as a key objective indicator. There were significant differences in the usability testing of different types of surgical robots in terms of auxiliary equipment needs, the role of auxiliary equipment, and key objective indicators, with variations in experimental design. Conclusion This study investigated the current status of usability testing of medical surgical robots in China and revealed, through multi-level analysis, the common perceptions of different respondents and the specific needs of various types of surgical robots in testing. It provides scientific evidence for the formulation of unified testing standards and helps promote the application and development of surgical robots in the medical field.

Telemedicine has become a new medical model for medical dialogue between patients with diabetes foot ulcer and medical staff with its advantages of being free from time and space constraints, two-way feedback and sharing of data, etc. With the rapid development of wearable devices, big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies, a new wave of telemedicine development has been set off, which shows unique advantages in monitoring and management of diabetes foot ulcers. However, due to technological limitations, information data leakage, and insufficient policy support, there is still a gap between the application practice and clinical promotion of telemedicine. This paper expounds the concept of telemedicine, and summarizes the application form of telemedicine in the monitoring and management of diabetes foot ulcer patients, the acceptance of telemedicine by diabetes foot ulcer patients and their stakeholders, analyzes the shortcomings and challenges in its promotion, and puts forward prospects and thinking, which provides reference and reference for the clinical research of telemedicine in diabetes foot ulcer patients, so as to relieve the huge pressure on resource allocation and operation management of the medical system.

The application of artificial intelligence has improved the complex problems faced by breast cancer patients in breast reconstruction, such as high surgical precision requirements, insufficient risk prediction management, and doctor-patient remote rehabilitation guidance, thereby improving the quality of life and satisfaction of patients, reducing the burden on medical staff, and promoting the progress of clinical medical technology. This article summarizes the overview of artificial intelligence in breast reconstruction, summarizes its application status in breast reconstruction of breast cancer patients, and summarizes the current challenges and shortcomings, aiming to provide new ideas and references for the clinical application of artificial intelligence in breast reconstruction in the future.

Objective By analyzing the protective effects of lead screens with different lead equivalents on different types of medical diagnostic X-ray machines, guidance is provided for medical personnel and accompanying personnel to choose appropriate lead screens. Methods The Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the X-ray energy spectrum at a tube voltage of 50-140kV, a total filtration thickness of 0.5-5mm (Al), and an anode angle of 12°. Using this as the source term, simulate the normalized dose rate and attenuation multiple of lead screens after X-ray shielding, and evaluate the actual protective effect of different lead equivalent lead screens on different X-ray machines through experimental measurements. Results The attenuation factor of lead screens increases with the increase of lead equivalent, and significantly increases when it exceeds 1.5mmPb. A 1mm Pb lead screen can effectively shield the X-rays generated by a 60kV X-ray machine with a tube voltage; When the tube voltage is 100kV, the machine head requires 1.6mmPb, 2mm Pb, and 0.5mmPb in the 00, 900, and -900 directions respectively, which can reduce the dose rate at 1 meter to below 1µSv/h; If the distance between the machine head and the lead screen is more than 3 meters, a 1mm Pb lead screen can reduce the dose rate of the machine head to below 1µSv/h at a distance of 1 meter in any direction. Conclusion The tube voltage, filter thickness, lead equivalent of the lead screen, and protection distance of the X-ray machine are important factors affecting the protective effect of the lead screen. 1mmPb lead screen could effectively shields X-ray machines with tube voltage settings below 60KV, such as dental X-ray machines. For X-ray machines, such as DSA, oral CT and mobile C-arm with tube voltage settings below 100KV, a 2.2mmPb lead screen can be selected at a distance of 0.5m from the machine head, and a 2mmPb lead screen can be selected at a distance of 1m to avoid the primary radiation. X-ray machines with DR, CT and other tube voltages set above 140KV should focus on distance protection.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of different drug-coated balloon (DCB) in percutaneous coronary drug balloon angioplasty, and to provide data reference for selection and procurement, and ultimately benefit patients. Methods The clinical data and follow-up data within 1 year of hospitalized patients who underwent percutaneous coronary drug balloon angioplasty in a tertiary hospital from January 2021 to November 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into four groups according to the brand of DCB ① Control product SeQuent Please DCB (Braun, Melsungen, Germany), ② Product A, ③ product B, and ④ Product C. The primary outcome of target lesion revascularization (TLR) at 12 months and the secondary outcomes of 30-day unplanned readmission, rescue stent implantation, and abnormal myocardial enzymes were compared among the four groups. Results A total of 693 patients were enrolled, including 142 patients using control product, 170 patients using product A, 250 patients using product B, and 131 patients using product C. Compared with the control group, product A (OR=3.43, 95%CI 1.39-8.45, P=0.007), product B (OR=2.45, 95%CI 1.01-5.91, P=0.047), product C (OR=2.88, 95%CI 1.12-7.37, P=0.028) had a statistically significant impact on TLR at 12 months. Product A (OR=10.71, 95%CI 1.32-87.20, P=0.027) had a statistically significant effect on 30-day unplanned readmission. Compared with the control group, the effects of the three products on rescue stent implantation and myocardial enzyme spectrum abnormalities were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion Products A, B and C may increase the risk of TLR at 12 months. Product A may increase the risk of unplanned readmission within 30 days. We continue to support the mainstream view that DCB has no class effect, and emphasize the importance of head-to-head comparison of different DCB in the whole life cycle, so as to better ensure patient safety and treatment effect.

Objective Based on the principle of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), this study aims to develop a device for the prevention of postoperative delirium (POD). Methods Following the standards for medical devices and the RIPC principle, a prototype was developed, consisting mainly of a main unit and a cuff. The cuff, combined with the internal air pump and solenoid valve of the main unit, forms a cuff-based pressurization and occlusion device to implement remote ischemic preconditioning training. The screen communicates with the control module via serial communication, allowing users to start and stop the training, as well as query and save training information. After the prototype was completed, its performance was tested for pressure control accuracy, blood pressure measurement accuracy, airtightness, and electrical safety. Results The pressure error of the prototype was within ±5 mmHg, with no significant differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements compared to those obtained with a Panasonic blood pressure monitor (p > 0.05). The device demonstrated rapid response, good airtightness, noise levels below 60 dB, and electrical safety compliance with the GB9706.1-2020 standard. Conclusion The developed device is suitable for preventive training in patients with delirium-related cognitive disorders and provides a new approach for the prevention of postoperative delirium.

Objective To explore the development path of the medical device industry in Henan Province, and provide reference and guidance for its better development. Methods The SWOT analysis method is applied to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that affect the development of the medical device industry in Henan Province. 37 influencing factors are scored using a survey questionnaire scoring method, and statistical analysis and cross research are conducted on the survey data. Result The effective response rate of this questionnaire reached 93.3%, with high credibility (Cronbach's alpha coefficient value of 0.966, CITC value>0.4) and good validity (KMO test value of 0.933, factor loading coefficient>0.4). Among them, there was no significant difference in the scores of 32 factors (p>0.05), and 5 factors showed significant differences in scores due to the different cognition of the surveyors (p<0.05). Based on the analysis and the average score, 20 key influencing factors were identified and a SWOT strategic matrix for industrial development was constructed. Conclusion In response to the weak links in the development of the medical device industry in Henan Province, it is proposed to seize future market demand, vigorously develop advantageous devices such as medical consumables and rehabilitation equipment, and compete with industry advantage regions to form a "honeycomb effect". It is also suggested to build a highland of medical resources and stimulate innovation vitality through multi-party collaboration between medical and engineering fields.

Mandibular impacted third molars are a common and frequent disease in oral and maxillofacial surgery, and imaging examination is of great significance for its diagnosis and treatment. In recent years, breakthroughs have been made in the application of artificial intelligence in the field of stomatology, especially the AI based on deep learning can accurately identify and segment IMM3 and surrounding anatomical structures, which not only improves the efficiency of correct interpretation of oral images, but also provides doctors with a more intuitive and accurate basis for diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, this article reviews the application progress, existing challenges and future development directions of DL-based AI technology in the diagnosis and treatment of IMM3 in recent years, aiming to provide intelligent theoretical support and practical guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of IMM3.

Objective To establish a set of business standard index system for medical consumables, and to provide a standardized business element system and process node related to the centralized distribution of medical consumables for the procurement department of medical institutions. Through the establishment of a business standard index system for medical consumables, it can help medical institutions to evaluate and select appropriate partners, establish a compliant, rigorous and smooth business process, and ensure the stable and efficient supply of consumables. Methods Formulate the first draft of the business standard index system for medical consumables through literature inquiry and expert consultation, conduct questionnaire survey, and apply the Delphi method and hierarchical analysis method to determine the specific index content and weight to form the final results. Results A set of business standard index system for medical consumables has been established, including 7 first-level indicators and 24 second-level indicators. Conclusion The standard index system of medical consumables established in this study can prompt medical institutions and medical consumables distributors to improve and improve the compliance and timeliness of business process, and especially provide a reference for business process design, evaluation, supervision and improvement of the centralized distribution of medical consumables (SPD) management mode.

Objective To explore the method of detecting the circle of Willis of the neonatal mouse brain by three-dimensional(3-D) vascular ultrasound technology of small animals. Methods The C57B1 /6J neonatal mice with post-natal ages of 1day (n=6) and 7day (n=6) underwent ultrasound scan imaging with the MS-400 at a center frequency of 30MHz. Doppler imaging and 3-D vascular ultrasound of the entire mouse brain and non-invasively through the intact skull and skin were performed. And the end diastolic velocity (EDV), peak systolic velocity (PSV), resistive index (RI) and coefficient of variation (CV) were measured in the middle cerebral arteries (MCA) of neonatal mice. Results The transducers continuously scans downwards at a 45 degree angle by the anterior fontanelle approaches. By combining color Doppler vascular imaging with 3D reconstruction technology, the circle of Willis of newborn mice can be displayed in three dimensions; Consistent with the morphology and structure of the circle of Willis displayed by perfusion technique; The application of pulse Doppler can collect stable blood flow signals of MCA, the CV value was 1.9% to 7.9%，and there was no statistical difference in the cerebral blood flow velocities between the left and right MCA. Conclusion The application of small animal ultrasound system in three-dimensional vascular ultrasound non-invasive display of the structure of the circle of Willis in neonatal mice is feasible, and it can also detect stable blood flow parameters of the MCA. Our research provides an experimental basis for understanding the structure and function of the circle of Willis in living mice during postnatal development.

Objective To explore the practical process and application effects of Internet of Things technology in the construction of smart wards in hospitals. Methods By combining IoT technology with hospital information platforms, a smart ward IoT interaction and management platform will be constructed to achieve full scenario closed-loop management of ward nursing and efficient information exchange. Compare the evaluation of nursing quality management, operational efficiency, and patient satisfaction before and after the application of a certain ward system. Results After the application of the system, the overall score of nursing quality management evaluation was (90.30 ± 4.32), significantly lower than before the application (81.60 ± 7.88), and t=-3.062, P=0.008. The operational efficiency of the ward was significantly improved, with differences (P<0.05), and patient satisfaction increased by 9% (chi square 2=6.782, P=0.009). Conclusion On the basis of integrating various information resources, the application of smart wards can effectively improve nursing quality, enhance patient satisfaction, and address issues such as insufficient efficiency and safety in traditional models, providing reference for building a new era of smart wards.

Objective Optimized the management process of Phase I clinical trials and constructed the Phase I clinical trial management system that meet the requirements of national drug clinical trial quality management standards.Methods On the basis of thorough research and analysis the the business and management needs of the Phase I clinical trial at hospitals, development languages such as JAVA, HTML, CSS, and IntelliJ IDEA, Java JDK 1.8, and vsCode as development tools, based on the Spring Cloud Alibaba microservice technology framework were used and realized the full process information management of Phase I clinical trial project initiation, subject recruitment and screening, subject enrollment, subject hospitalization, subject visits, and trial project completion.Results Through the implication of the Phase I clinical trial management system based on hospital full process business collaboration, the work efficiency of the Phase I clinical trial ward has been significantly improved. The time required for subject screening, subject enrollment, subject hospitalization, subject visits and data traceability has been significantly reduced, and the difference is statistically significant (P<0.05); The data quality of Phase I clinical trials has been improved. Conclusion The system had achieved full process business collaboration, information sharing, and real-time information collection and recording in Phase I clinical trials. It had obvious advantages in terms of information sharing, intelligent management and reshaping of clinical trial processes, and achieved a dual improvement in the quality and work efficiency of Phase I clinical trials in hospitals.

Objective By analyzing patent information in the field of intelligent health care and medical treatment, this study aims to measure the technological innovation capability of the field and explore the development trend of new productivity in this area. Methods A total of 12,217 patents in the field of intelligent health care and medical treatment were obtained from the Patent Retrieval and Analysis System of the National Intellectual Property Administration. Statistical analysis was conducted on external information such as patent quantity and applicants. Co-occurrence network and BERTopic theme clustering methods were employed to deeply analyze the technological themes of patents and their evolutionary trends. Results The number of patent applications in the field of intelligent health care and medical treatment shows an exponential growth trend, with significant regional and typological differences among the first applicants. Key technologies are mainly concentrated in the fields of G16H (health informatics) and A61B (diagnosis; surgery; identification). Common themes include artificial intelligence systems, AI recognition, storage media, machine learning, recommendation models, cardiovascular intelligent diagnosis and treatment, and CT image processing. In terms of technological evolution, A61B has always occupied an important position throughout the development process, from the budding exploration period, steady growth period, rapid rise period to the period of innovative prosperity. The relevant patent themes continue to expand in breadth and depth, gradually penetrating from early clinical practice applications to multiple areas such as health management, disease prevention, and rehabilitation nursing. Conclusion The new productivity in the field of health care and medical treatment represented by artificial intelligence is gradually forming and accelerating its development. In the future, the development of the intelligent health care and medical treatment industry can be comprehensively promoted from multiple dimensions such as policy guidance, research investment, and talent reserves to achieve further innovation and upgrading of productivity in the health care and medical treatment field.

Objective To explore the value of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) in distinguishing the nature of hyperintense liver masses in patobiliary phase (HBP), benign or malignant. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 81 patients with hyperintense liver masses in HBP who were admitted to the hospital from January 2022 to February 2024. The nature of the mass was determined by biopsy or surgery, and DCE-MRI examination was performed before operation or biopsy. The maximum slope of decrease (MSD), positive enhancement integral (PEI), mean enhancement time (MET), and maximum slope of increase (MSI) were measured. MSD, PEI, MET, and MSI of different hyperintense liver masses in HBP were compared. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the value of DCE-MRI in distinguishing the nature of hyperintense liver masses in HBP. Results There were a total of 98 lesions in 81 patients, including 46 malignant lesions and 52 benign lesions. PEI, MET, and MSI of patients with hyperintense benign lesions in HBP were higher than those of patients with malignant ones (P<0.05). DCE-MRI parameters (MSD, PEI, MET and MSI) of hyperintense malignant liver masses in HBP showed significant differences (P<0.05). For diagnosing the nature of hyperintense liver masses in HBP, the area under the curve (AUC) of PEI was the largest (0.985). The AUC of combined diagnosis was 0.719. In terms of diagnosing different types of malignant hyperintense masses in HBP, the AUC of MSI for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma was the largest (0.821). The AUC of MET for diagnosing intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma was the largest (0.831). The AUC of MET for diagnosing hepatic vascular cancer was the largest (0.964). The AUC of MSI for diagnosing liver metastases was the largest. Conclusion DCE-MRI parameters are of high value in identifying the nature of hyperintense liver masses in HBP, especially PEI. Besides, these parameters have high diagnostic efficacy for different types of malignant hyperintense masses in HBP. Clinically, DCE-MRI parameters can be combined to distinguish benign and malignant hyperintense liver masses in HBP.

Objective Explore the impact of the centralized procurement policy of medical consumables on the cost structure of inpatient surgical patients. Methods Based on the data of inpatient surgery patients in Sichuan People's Hospital, independent T test and chi-square test were selected to analyze the basic situation of patients, and non-parametric methods were used to test the proportion of patient costs. The K-S test was used to analyze the distribution of consumption proportion. Results (1) After centralized procurement, the out-of-pocket amount of surgical patients was significantly reduced by 834.945 yuan, and the average daily hospitalization cost increased by 230.5 yuan, of which the average daily consumables fee, treatment fee and diagnosis fee increased significantly, and the average daily drug cost was significantly reduced. (2) After centralized procurement, the proportion of comprehensive medical service fees and drug costs decreased significantly, and the proportion of treatment expenses increased significantly. (3) By analyzing the distribution of expenditure ratio, it can be seen that after the policy was implemented, the expenditure ratio of patients undergoing level 1 and 2 surgeries significantly decreased, the probability of high expenditure ratio for patients undergoing level 3 and 4 surgeries was reduced, the structure of surgical patient expenses was significantly improved, the price difference between medical consumables was further narrowed, and the excessive price component in the medical consumables market was compressed. Conclusion The centralized procurement policy of medical consumables optimizes the cost structure of surgical patients, and hospitals can further improve the specialty pattern, improve the level of fine management of consumables, give full play to the guiding role of policies, and reduce the overall cost burden of patients.

Exploring the innovative application of new generation information technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, the internet of Things, blockchain and virtual reality in medical equipment management, and analyzes the path and prospect of promoting the reform of medical equipment quality control mode and improving the quality management level of medical institutions. Based on the current situation and challenges of medical equipment quality control, this paper summarizes the application of new generation information technology in key links of medical equipment quality control, such as data acquisition, intelligent analysis, information traceability and simulation optimization, analyzes cases and looks forward to the trend. This paper analyzes the intelligent prediction and health management of medical equipment enabled by big data and artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things realizes the whole life cycle supervision, the blockchain improves the traceability and transparency of the supply chain, and virtual reality and augmented reality technologies optimize the design simulation and maintenance training level of medical equipment. Promote the reengineering and reform of quality management process in medical institutions. Drive the quality management of medical equipment to be intelligent, networked and refined. Medical institutions should strengthen cooperation, transform innovation achievements, establish traceability mechanism and co-governance system of quality and safety in the whole process, and improve safety guarantee ability.

Objective To study the impact of input data selection accuracy of queuing theory M/M/C model on the accuracy of predicting the reasonable configuration quantity of monitors under centralized management mode. MethodsEleven wards were selected as research subjects, and the duration of medical orders was extracted as the actual usage time of the monitor. According to the three methods of "merging 11 wards for calculation", "merging internal and external departments separately for calculation", and "independent calculation for each ward", establish a queuing theory M/M/C prediction model. Based on nursing requirements and the waiting time curve of the queuing system, infer the prediction interval of the number of monitors configured, and compare the difference between the predicted interval and the actual number of configurations under the three conditions. Results The predicted interval for the number of configurations in the "11 wards merged calculation" deviated the most from the actual number of configurations （Group 1，maximum difference of 7.84 units, minimum difference of 2.45). There was a small deviation between the predicted interval for the number of configurations and the actual number of configurations in the case of internal and external departments merged calculation (Group 2， maximum difference of 7.73 units, minimum difference of 2.27), Under the independent calculation of each ward, the deviation between the predicted interval of configuration quantity and the actual configuration quantity is minimal (Group 3，only 4 wards have differences, with a difference of 1 or 2 units), the difference is statistically significant (H=22.104, P<0.05). The deviation values of Group 1 were statistically significant compared to those of Group 2 and Group 3 (P<0.001), while there was no statistically significant difference between the deviation values of Group 2 and Group 3 (P=0.465). Conclusion The accuracy factor of input data selection has a certain impact on the prediction accuracy of the queuing system model. When using the queuing theory model to calculate the number of configurations, medical institutions should try to improve the accuracy of data selection, select input data according to the smallest ward unit, and combine the predicted results with the actual clinical situation to adjust the actual number of configurations and improve the rationality of configuration quantity.

Objective Taking online self-service as the starting point, we will promote a new model of hospital services in the context of digital transformation and explore optimization methods for admission processing. Methods Through four-layer architecture data transmission of software layer, service layer, function layer and scene layer, the unique identification of patients is used to obtain hospitalization status, and the self-service admission and admission service platform based on wechat public account is constructed. The average time required for each link before and after the platform is launched is selected to conduct empirical analysis on the application effect of the platform. Results The trial operation of inpatient services from August 2nd to September 19th recorded the admission process data of 111 patients and the discharge settlement data of 67 patients. The use of the intelligent outpatient service platform throughout the entire process of patients can save about 59.6 minutes. Moreover, the time required for patients to handle nonmedical processes before and after the launch of the T-test platform was significantly reduced, and patient satisfaction increased to an average of 99.11%, further promoting the collaboration and intelligence of hospital process management. Conclusion The intelligent outpatient and inpatient service platform has enabled the use of digitalization and intelligence to empower outpatient and inpatient services, allowing for "subtraction" in the medical process, effectively improving the patient's medical experience, and providing reference experience for strengthening convenient service measures.

Objective The intelligent infrared thermometer is a fully autonomous temperature measuring instrument with advantages such as non-contact, fast detection speed, and no harmful radiation. It has always been one of the research hotspots at home and abroad. However, the measurement results of the intelligent infrared thermometer are easily affected by multiple factors such as ambient temperature, humidity, and angle, which affects the accuracy of temperature measurement. Methods This article utilizes the principle of infrared temperature measurement and adopts a walk-in environmental test chamber to simulate the temperature measurement of the intelligent infrared thermometer under different temperature and humidity conditions. The data is analyzed through SPSS22.0 statistical software, fully considering the influence of multiple factors such as distance, angle, temperature, and humidity on the intelligent infrared thermometer. Results When only considering the height, the measurement results of 190cm volunteers using glass thermometer and intelligent infrared thermometer showed statistical difference; However, there was no significant statistical difference in the measurement results of volunteers with a height of 160cm. The measurement result is less affected by the angle change, which will affect the measurement data (the measurement value is low), especially when the measurement distance increases; When only considering the single factor of ambient temperature and humidity, there will be significant statistical differences in the measurement data between room temperatures of 25℃ and 35℃, 25℃ and 10℃, as well as between sunny summer days (35℃, 30%RH) and rainy days (35℃, 80%RH). With the interference of multiple factors, the accuracy of the measured data will decline (the measured value is low). When considering the simultaneous interference of multiple factors such as distance, height, and humidity, the maximum relative error is 2.7%, and the maximum error is 1℃. Conclusion In the actual use process, it is necessary to fully consider the effective measurement distance of the intelligent infrared thermometer and the influence of ambient temperature and humidity on the temperature measurement results. Combined with the current standards, it is believed that such equipment has certain risks, hoping to provide a reference for establishing evaluation methods for such equipment.

Objective Develop and design a device that can test whether the assembly joint of the anesthesia respiratory pipeline can be connected to the standard joint (in accordance with YY/T1040.1-2015) for docking testing, and whether separation occurs under a force of 40N after docking. Methods Based on the requirements in the standard, connect the standard connector to the assembly end of the pipeline as required. Apply tensile force at a rate of (50±5) mm/min along the pipeline axis direction at least 150mm away from the pipeline end, record the joint separation situation, and conduct the experiment in an environment of (42±3)℃. The equipment uses S7-200smartPLC as the main controller, including a rotating force measurement module, HMI touch screen, execution module, box heating module, hardware system and other control modules, to solve the force value, rotation angle, and rate and temperature in the docking test. The testing personnel connect and stretch the breathing pipeline inside the constant temperature insulation box through the human-machine interaction interface. ResultsThe equipment structure was designed according to the required requirements, and the simulation plugin in SolidWorks was used for finite element analysis of important components. The maximum deviation of the main components was only 0.03664mm, the optimization of the deformation displacement is reduced by more than 50%, and its P-value is less than 0.01, so that the optimization of the structure produces a statistically significant difference, and also validate the stability of the entire institution.ConclusionThis device can be used in actual production and quality testing processes to ensure the safety of the connection between anesthetic and respiratory tubing for ventilators.

Objective To investigate the independent risk factors of death in the low-risk group of DRG group, and construct a risk prediction model by using the radial basis neural network model, in order to reduce the death rate of patients in the low-risk group of DRG and improve the quality of medical safety of patients in hospital. Methods From January to August 2023, 50,344 home page data of a top-three hospital in Shanghai were selected and divided into cured group, non-cured group and death group according to discharge conditions. Eight important risk factors were selected by single factor analysis and used as the analysis variables of radial basis neural network to build a risk prediction model. The area under ROC curve (AUC), prediction accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the model were used to evaluate the prediction efficiency of the model. Results The overall prediction accuracy of RBF neural network model is 98.7%. Among them, the area under ROC curve (AUC) of patients cured after discharge was 0.825, 95%CI was 0.822-0.828, the maximum Jorden index was 0.5779, the sensitivity was 76.84%, and the specificity was 80.95%. The area under ROC curve (AUC) was 0.829, 95%CI was 0.826-0.832, the maximum Jorden index was 0.5823, the sensitivity was 76.29%, and the specificity was 82.06%. The area under ROC curve (AUC) of death at discharge was 0.600, 95%CI was 0.596 to 0.605, the maximum Jorden index was 0.2009, the sensitivity was 44.99%, and the specificity was 75.10%. Conclusion RBF neural network model has better performance in risk objective prediction of DRG low risk group. Blood transfusion response, patient age, length of stay and total hospitalization cost were important independent risk factors affecting the discharge status of DRG low-risk group, and provided theoretical basis for the deterioration of discharge status and intervention of DRG low-risk group.

Objective To analyze the current status of medical equipment allocation in Chongqing's medical and health institutions, assessing the efficiency of its allocation, and promoting the scientification and rationalization of medical equipment allocation. Methods We employed the Banker, Charnes, and Cooper Model（BCC） and Malmquist productivity index models within the framework of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to conduct both static and dynamic analyses of the efficiency of medical equipment allocation for various value categories in Chongqing's healthcare sector from 2017 to 2021. Results The quantity of medical equipment allocated in Chongqing's healthcare institutions has exhibited a consistent upward trend over the study period, with a notable increase in the proportion of mid-to-high-end devices in primary and specialized public health institutions. Primary healthcare institutions have demonstrated superior efficiency in medical equipment allocation, whereas specialized public health institutions have shown lower efficiency and signs of redundant investment. Malmquist index analysis has shed light on the impact of technological progress, changes in pure technical efficiency, and scale efficiency variations on Total Factor Productivity (TFP), as well as the disparities among different types of institutions in these aspects. Conclusion The allocation structure of medical equipment in Chongqing's healthcare institutions is progressively refined, with an overall high efficiency in equipment allocation. Enhancing the potential for technological advancement and innovation in medical equipment is pivotal for further improving the efficiency of medical equipment allocation.

Objective To explore the application effect of prospective quality management concept intervention plans in the management of disinfection supply centers. Methods A control group experiment and questionnaire survey were conducted in the disinfection and supply center to control the variables during the research process. The qualified rate and adverse event rate of each process of medical devices in the two groups were observed, and the quality management score of the disinfection and supply center's device quality and the satisfaction score of clinical department medical staff with the quality management of each device were obtained. Results Through statistical analysis and comparison of the obtained data, it was found that the qualified rate of medical device processing in various processes, the quality management score of the disinfection supply center's device, and the satisfaction score of clinical department medical staff with various device quality management were significantly higher in the research group. Additionally, the adverse event rate of the disinfection supply center's device quality management was lower, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The introduction of the " Prospective quality management concept" enables the disinfection center to operate better, and further improve the CSSD device quality management system on the basis of the "Five Constant Method", which is conducive to improving the qualification rate of various processes.

Objective To investigate the effects of different scout scanning parameters on the image quality and radiation dose of phantom chest CT using axial and spiral scanning under automatic tube current modulation technology (ATCM). Methods The tube current of scout scan was fixed at 10 mA. Different combinations of tube voltage, projection position of tube, and scanning speed were used to scan the chest scout of the phantom. The chest of the phantom was scanned using diagnostic computed tomography (DCT) with an 80 kV tube voltage and ATCM technology for axial and spiral scans. For each combination of the scanning parameters, 144 sets of original data were obtained for comparative study. On the same level and position in each DCT image, a consistent region of interest (ROI) was delineated, and the automatically displayed CT value and standard deviation (SD) were recorded. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and figure of merit (FOM) values were calculated, and the volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and mA were recorded. The CNR, FOM, and CTDIvol of the DCT were compared for different combinations of the scout scanning parameters. Results ① The CNR of all DCT spiral scans was superior to that of axial scans, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05); With the same scanning speed of scout scan in spiral scan mode, the CNR differences of DCT images among the three tube voltages of scout scan was statistically significant (P<0.05); When the tube voltage of scout scan was 80kV, there is a statistically significant difference in CNR of DCT images between the scanning speeds of 100mm/s and 200mm/s in both spiral scan and axial scan modes (P<0.05). ② The FOM of all axial scans of all DCT images was superior to that of spiral scans, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05); the FOM of DCT images was different statistically (P<0.05) among the three types of scout tube voltage in the spiral scanning mode with scanning speed of 200mm/s; When the tube voltage of scout scan was 80kV, there is a statistically significant difference in FOM of DCT images between the scanning speeds of 100mm/s and 200mm/s in both spiral scan and axial scan modes (P<0.05). ③ The CTDIvol of all DCT spiral scans was higher than that of axial scans, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05); With the same scanning speed of scout scan in spiral scan mode, the CTDIvol of DCT was different statistically (P<0.05) among the three types of scout tube voltage; When the tube voltage of scout scan was 80kV and in the axial scan mode, the CTDIvol values at a scanning speed of 100mm/s is significantly higher than that at a scanning speed of 200mm/s (P<0.05). ④ In single-scout scans, the CTDIvol of DCT in the anteroposterior/posteroanterior position is always smaller than that in the lateral position; when using dual- scout scans, the CTDIvol value of DCT is lower in both lateral+anteroposterior/posteroanterior position than in anteroposterior/posteroanterior +lateral position, except for the parts where the tube projection angle is 90 °+180 ° and 180 °+90 °, which are equal; in the last dual- scout scans, when the ball tube is located at 180°, the CTDIvol of the spiral scanning DCT is higher than that of the 0°. Conclusion When phantom chest DCT scan using an 80kV tube voltage and ATCM technology, the scout scanning parameters (tube voltage, scanning speed, and projection position of tube) have a certain effect on image quality and radiation dose, and the radiation dose is related to the projection position of tube and scanning order of the scout scans.

Objective The clinical use and treatment costs of patients before and after PICC tape procurement were compared to provide reference for optimizing clinical decision-making and improving medical consumables tape procurement policy. Methods Clinical use of PICC before and after procurement was collected through interviews with key insiders. The overall cost model of PICC was constructed based on literature review and interviews with key insiders. Non-parametric test was used to analyze the overall treatment cost of patients. Results According to the nurses' interviews, the actual mean retention time of PICC after catheterization was reduced by 10.77%, the puncture time increased by 14.21%, and the incidence of complications or adverse reactions after catheterization was increased compared with that before catheterization. There were statistically significant differences in hospitalization cost and eisai cost before and after the purchase of PICC (P<0.05). The unit price of PICC after the purchase of PICC decreased significantly, but the per capita hospitalization cost, nursing cost and treatment cost all showed an upward trend. Conclusion After mass purchase, the quality and clinical use of PICC were not very ideal. After mass purchase, the unit price of PICC decreased, but the per capita hospitalization cost of patients increased by 8.7%, and the overall effect was not as expected. It is suggested to strengthen the quality evaluation system and clinical use monitoring of medical consumables before, during and after procurement, systematically analyze patient treatment costs, gradually establish quality and overall cost evaluation standards for medical consumables procurement, and further improve the medical consumables procurement system.

Objective Under the hospital's multi system integration architecture, unified management of personal digital certificates is achieved to improve the efficiency and accuracy of digital certificate authorization for users in multiple business systems of the hospital .Methods Utilize OA process and integrated platform master data management system to achieve standardized application and unified authorization of digital certificates, and build a hospital digital certificate management system. Results Implementing unified authorization and minimizing authorization of digital certificates under a multi system integration architecture. Based on the comparison of data before and after the platform authorization goes live for one quarter, compared with single business system authorization, the certificate binding time required for platform authorization is significantly lower than that for single system authorization. Conclusion For the first time, the hospital integrated platform master data management has been used to achieve unified authorization of digital certificates, improving work efficiency and reducing error rates. The experience can be used as a reference for other hospitals.

The beam system is the core module of the medical linear accelerator, which is mainly used for electron acceleration to form beam and beam shaping into radiation field.The beam system structure is complex, involving many circuit feedback signals, and is prone to all kinds of faults. This article summarized two cases of beam system faults, including the beam transport system and beam shaping system,through the analysis of fault phenomenon combined with the working principle, the beam error caused by the aging of thyratron is solved by signal analysis and high voltage component replacement, as well as the primary scatterers reported errors one after another due to the damage of acquisition devices at different locations, the fault point was confirmed after the signal source detection and analogy ,the solution of such fault is clarified, which has reference significance for peers.

Objective Explore the current research status and development trends of telemedicine in clinical application in China. Methods Search the relevant literature in the CNKI, VIP and Wanfang Database, and use VOSviewer for visual analysis of the characteristics, research themes, and cutting-edge hotspots of the literature. Results Domestic research started late, but the volume of publications is showing an overall upward trend, with a scattered distribution of journals, fewer core authors, and loose cooperation between institutions. Clinical applications mainly focus on electrocardiogram monitoring, fetal heart monitoring, chronic disease management, and intelligent diagnosis and treatment, gradually moving towards smart healthcare. Research hotspots include remote surgery, remote ultrasound, remote rehabilitation, and auxiliary diagnosis, etc. Remote consultation, cardiovascular diseases, chronic disease rehabilitation, and high-risk pregnancy are the key application areas. Conclusion The support of the new generation of information technology has enriched the clinical applications of telemedicine, innovated the medical service model, and provided new directions for research and development. Telemedicine, integrating 5G, the Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence, has enormous potential to serve clinical needs.

Objective Take effective security protection measures against the network security risks of large-scale networked medical equipment. Methods Combined with the requirements of information security level protection assessment, we will build a large-scale medical equipment private network, build a compliance network system, and use information technologies such as SDN, AI, Internet of Things, and log analysis to deploy network security protection platforms and equipment monitoring and early warning platforms to ensure device network security and operation. The status is visible, manageable, and controllable. Results Through the deployment and application of 23 large-scale medical devices and related terminal equipment, the number of network security incidents and equipment failure time have been greatly reduced. The comparison of data before and after launch has statistical significance (<0.05), which meets system practice expectations, effectively ensuring the safe, stable and efficient operation of large-scale medical equipment.Conclusion The construction of large-scale medical equipment safety protection platforms and monitoring and early warning platforms has achieved centralized management and real-time monitoring of large-scale medical equipment, improved the level of protection management, and provided effective support for the safety management of medical equipment throughout the life cycle.

Objective To explore the application activities to improve the measuring coverage of medical devices. Application of improved strategies in the management of endoscopic surgical instruments. Methods The quality control circle group of equipment department was established, and the activity theme of "improving the measurement coverage of medical equipment" was determined, 357 medical devices in the hospital measurement equipment testing catalogue in 2023 were selected as the control group, and 474 measurement and testing devices based on the improvement strategy of quality control circle activity in 2024 were selected as the observation group. The circle staff analyzed the reasons for the low detection rate of the measuring equipment in our hospital one by one through brainstorming, and proposed solutions to the problems one by one, and compare the difference of measurement and testing coverage of the two groups of equipment by establishing the standardized process of measurement and testing in our hospital, improving the dynamic management function of the medical equipment management system, and carrying out the regular work of equipment quality control and maintenance.Results The measurement coverage rate of 474 optimized medical devices was 96.6%, which was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Through the quality control circle activities, the management quality of measuring equipment is improved, the occurrence of tests to be checked is not greatly reduced, and the satisfaction of clinical staff is improved.

Objective Based on the investigation and analysis of the use of anesthesia machines in hospitals, a set of evaluation system for the use of scientific medical anesthesia machines (hereinafter referred to as“Anesthesia machines”) was established to provide a theoretical basis for purchasing and management decisions, for scientific management. Methods Two rounds of expert consultation were conducted by using Delphi's expert consultation method. Four first-level indicators, 11 second-level indicators and 35 third-level indicators were obtained through discussion groups. The indicators were designed into questionnaires, use wechat APP to invite consulting experts to fill in, fill in the results entered into the WPS Office for statistical analysis. Results In the first round, 68 questionnaires were distributed, and 68 were recovered, with effective recovery rate of 100%. 120 questionnaires were sent out in the second round, and 109 were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 91%. The authority degree of consulting experts in the two rounds of research was 0.91, respectively. According to the survey, the percentage of first-level indicators is 35% technical performance, 33% clinical use effect, 17% economic benefit, 15% after-sales service; Among the secondary indexes, the indexes with high attention are: security, stability, reliability, purchase price, return on investment, manufacturer's service ability and maintainability; The average of the three indexes ranged from 3.99 to 4.75, and the standard deviation of 34 indexes was less than 1, and the coefficient of variation of 35 indexes was less than 0.25. Conclusion This study is based on the whole life cycle management of anesthesia machine, comprehensive technical characteristics, clinical application, economic management and use of multi-dimensional established more comprehensive evaluation system. To provide reference for the purchasing and management of anesthesia machine.

Objective To explore the application of the combination of energy spectral purification, automatic dose modulation (CARE DOSE 4D) and advanced model iterative reconstruction algorithm (ADMIRE) in children's chest ultra-low dose CT. Methods 60 children with pneumonia were clinically diagnosed by chest low-dose CT and divided into control group A and experimental group B. There were 30 cases in each group. Group A received conventional chest low-dose CT scan. Group B was an ultra-low-dose CT scan of the chest, and groups B1, B2 and B3 were reconstructed according to ADMIRE grades 3, 4 and 5. Subjective evaluate of four groups was independently assessed by two senior physicians. Objective data of each set of images were measured, radiation dose was recorded, and figure of merit (FOM) was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed on all obtained data. Results There is good consistency in the subjective scores between the two physicians (Kappa = 0.567). The image acceptability of group A, B1, B2 and B3 was greater than 90%. The subjective scores of all groups are greater than 1 point, and all can meet the diagnostic requirements. There are significant differences in the subjective scores among the four groups (P < 0.001). In pairwise comparisons, there were no statistical differences in subjective scores between group A and B3, or between group B1 and B2 (P>0.05), while there were statistical differences in all other pairs (P<0.05). The subjective scores of group B gradually tended to group A as the ADMIRE grade increased. There were no significant differences in the average CT values of muscle and lung tissues among the four groups (P > 0.05). There were significant differences in the average SD values, SDmuscle, SNR, CNR, and FOM of muscle among the four groups (P < 0.001). In pairwise comparisons, only the average SD values, SDmuscle, SNR, CNR, and FOM of muscle in group A were not statistically different from those in group B3 (P > 0.05), while the rest of the groups showed significant differences (P < 0.001). The FOM of the group A, B1, B2 and B3 showed an increasing trend, with the highest value in group B3. The minimum DLP in group B was 2.2 mGy·cm, and the minimum ED was 0.04 mSv. The effective radiation dose of group B was reduced by 82.4% compared with group A. Conclusion The combination of energy spectrum purification, CARE DOSE 4D and ADMIRE can not only optimize the CT image quality of children's chest to satisfy the diagnosis, but also significantly reduce the radiation dose, which has great clinical application value.

Background The research competition and cooperation in the field of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are gradually deepening. Understanding the current state of research competition and cooperation can provide valuable references for practitioners in the BCI field. Objective: To analyze the global research competition and cooperation landscape in the field of BCIs. Methods BCI-related papers were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. Bibliometric analysis and social network analysis methods were employed to examine the global research competition and cooperation dynamics in the BCI field, identifying leading countries, institutions, and researchers. Results From 1990 to 2023, a total of 9,037 SCI papers in the BCI field were produced globally, with 78.9% of these papers published between 2014 and 2023, showing a ten-year compound growth rate of 13.7%. The publication volume of China (2,715 papers) and the United States (2,051 papers) places them in the leading tier globally. Although China started later, its growth rate has been faster, with its publication volume in 2023 reaching three times that of the United States. In terms of cooperation, the United States surpasses China both in the number of collaborators (64 vs. 59) and the number of collaborations (1,507 vs. 1,202). Other notable countries include Germany (968 papers) and the United Kingdom (725 papers) with relatively high publication volumes. From an institutional and researcher perspective, the University of Tübingen in Germany and Graz University of Technology in Austria were early leaders in BCI research, but their paper outputs have significantly declined in recent years. In contrast, researchers from institutions such as Tsinghua University (Gao Xiaorong), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Wang Yijun), Tianjin University (Ming Dong), East China University of Science and Technology (Jin Jing), and South China University of Technology (Li Yuanqing) have produced many papers in recent years. Conclusion The BCI field has developed rapidly over the past decade, with the United States and China leading in global competition and cooperation. The United States had an early start but has experienced slower growth in recent years, while China started later but has seen rapid growth recently. Institutions such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tsinghua University, and Tianjin University have shown outstanding performance.

Objective Escape the traditional passive regulatory model of critical values, build an intelligent critical value management platform based on a knowledge base, improve the efficiency of critical value management, and reduce medical risks. Methods The platform was developed using the C# language, with deployment achieved through a C/S architecture and an Oracle 11g database. System interaction employed Web services and a message platform for data transmission. Critical value data before the platform was put online (from January 2023 to June 2023) were selected as the control group, and data after the platform was put online (from January 2024 to June 2024) were used as the experimental group for analysis to verify the platform's efficacy. Results The experimental group showed significantly lower time consumption for critical value reporting, false-positive rates, clinical response times, clinical management rates, and the electronic medical record critical value omission rate compared to the control group (P<0.05). The timeliness rate of reporting in the experimental group was significantly higher than in the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion The intelligent management platform for hospital critical values, constructed based on a knowledge base, achieved unified management of the entire process of critical values, significantly improved critical value management indicators, and provided safer and more efficient medical support for patient diagnosis and treatment.

Objective In order to address the problems of insufficient coverage and low accuracy of the connotation quality control of traditional medical records, an intelligent electronic medical record quality control system is constructed to realize the improvement of the quality control of medical records. Methods A highly structured medical record database was constructed based on natural language processing, and a medical record quality control engine is used to carry out connotative quality control of medical record instruments, and the data are analyzed statistically on SPSS24.0 statistical software, comparing the inpatient grade A medical record rate, the average score of the medical record quality control, and the number of connotative defective items of the control group and the observation group, respectively. Results Statistical analysis of the quality of medical records before and after the launch of the intelligent medical record quality control system shows that the grade A rate of inpatient medical records in the observation group (76.60%) is higher than that in the control group (68.70%), and the difference is statistically significant (P<0.01). The mean case quality control score of the observation group (567.68) is higher than that of the control group (550.01), and the difference is statistically significant (P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the percentage of internal defective items in the observation group decreases significantly, with an average decrease of 3.52%. Conclusions Intelligent quality control system of medical records can assist clinicians and quality controllers to efficiently and accurately complete the quality control of clinical medical records in hospital, so as to achieve the purpose of improving the quality of medical records in hospitals and upgrading the level of hospital management.

As the treatment of chronic pain and spasmodic diseases has attracted more and more attention in clinic, implantable Intrathecal Drug Delivery Systems (IDDS) have become one of the important methods for the treatment of these diseases. IDDS has gradually been widely used in clinical treatment of various refractory pain and spastic diseases in our country, but IDDS is still not localized, and the import price remains high. Therefore, this paper introduces the general structure, performance and disease treatment of IDDS, and summarizes the research progress of IDDS software and hardware at home and abroad. By reviewing the current status of clinical application of IDDS at home and abroad, and comparing and analyzing the domestic and foreign market demand and the current monopoly price of imported products, the value of further localization research is clarified, and the significance of localization research and domestic clinical application prospects are discussed.

Objective To analyze the status quo, hot spots and trend of evolution of functional near infrared spectroscopy in the field of rehabilitation medicine over the past decade. Methods Literature related to the application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in field of rehabilitation medicine from January 2013 to June 2024 were retrieved from Web of science database, and visualization analysis was performed by CiteSpace 6.1.R6 software. Results A total of 1036 documents were included, with an increasing trend in the number of publications over the years. Li Zengyong was the author with the most publications, China was the country with the most publications, and the Hong Kong Polytechnic University was the institution with the most publications. Research hotspots were focused on areas such as cortical activation, stroke, functional connectivity, transcranial magnetic stimulation, neuroimaging, cognitive disorders, brain-computer interfaces, and motor imagery. Conclusion The application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy technology in the field of rehabilitation medicine is in a developmental stage, and domestic institutions should strengthen cooperation and exchange. Recent research has begun to combine multimodal monitoring of brain activation and connectivity-related features to better understand motor behavior and neurophysiological mechanisms; future research can continue to focus on the application of functional infrared spectroscopy technology in patients with stroke, spinal cord injury, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and other conditions. The application of neuroimaging technology based on brain-computer interfaces in the field of consciousness disorders deserves the attention of domestic scholars.

Objective The aim of this study is to establish a predictive model for the distribution of set-up errors in patients undergoing stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Methods Data on set-up errors were collected from 45 SBRT patients treated with the Varian Vital Beam (SN3546) medical linear accelerator at the Department of Oncology and Radiology of Xuzhou Medical University, spanning the period from 2019 to 2022. These data were then used to construct a predictive model for the distribution of set-up errors and to determine the model's parameters. Results Analysis revealed that translation errors primarily occur at three central points (μ1~μ3). The greatest set-up error is observed in the Vrt direction (-3.45mm~4.84mm) and Lng direction (0.22mm~5.67mm), while the Lat direction shows the smallest set-up error (0.14mm~0.79mm). The set-up error is most likely to shift towards the center of μ3 (0.54), with the least likelihood of shifting towards μ1 (0.20). The maximum variance for the translation direction is 1.72. Rotation errors are concentrated around four central points (μ1~μ4), with larger offsets observed in the Pit (-0.50~0.12) and Rol directions (-0.52~0.10) compared to the Rtn (0.03~0.25). The set-up error is most likely to occur in the μ3 direction (0.69), while the other three central points do not differ significantly. The maximum variance for the rotation direction is 1.63. Compared with the translation direction, the variance values of each center in the rotation direction are larger except for the μ2 center point data (0.57), indicating that the translation direction data is more clustered. Conclusion The Bayesian Gaussian hybrid model can quantitatively describe and predict the distribution of set-up errors, providing valuable insights for further exploring the distribution patterns of swing errors in SBRT.